CSS Pseudo Selectors

Οι επιλογείς CSS ορίζουν τα στοιχεία στα οποία ισχύει ένα σύνολο κανόνων CSS.

All CSS Pseudo Classes

Selector	Example	Example description
:active	a:active	Selects the active link
:checked	input:checked	Selects every checked <input> element
:disabled	input:disabled	Selects every disabled <input> element
:empty	p:empty	Selects every <p> element that has no children
:enabled	input:enabled	Selects every enabled <input> element
:first-child	p:first-child	Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent
:first-of-type	p:first-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the first <p> element of its parent
:focus	input:focus	Selects the <input> element that has focus
:hover	a:hover	Selects links on mouse over
:in-range	input:in-range	Selects <input> elements with a value within a specified range
:invalid	input:invalid	Selects all <input> elements with an invalid value
:lang(language)	p:lang(it)	Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value starting with "it"
:last-child	p:last-child	Selects every <p> elements that is the last child of its parent
:last-of-type	p:last-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the last <p> element of its parent
:link	a:link	Selects all unvisited links
:not(selector)	:not(p)	Selects every element that is not a <p> element
:nth-child(n)	p:nth-child(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent
:nth-last-child(n)	p:nth-last-child(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-last-of-type(n)	p:nth-last-of-type(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-of-type(n)	p:nth-of-type(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent
:only-of-type	p:only-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the only <p> element of its parent
:only-child	p:only-child	Selects every <p> element that is the only child of its parent
:optional	input:optional	Selects <input> elements with no "required" attribute
:out-of-range	input:out-of-range	Selects <input> elements with a value outside a specified range
:read-only	input:read-only	Selects <input> elements with a "readonly" attribute specified
:read-write	input:read-write	Selects <input> elements with no "readonly" attribute
:required	input:required	Selects <input> elements with a "required" attribute specified
:root	root	Selects the document’s root element
:target	#news:target	Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL containing that anchor name)
:valid	input:valid	Selects all <input> elements with a valid value
:visited	a:visited	Selects all visited links

Pseudo-classes Alphabetical index

Note:= This is an experimental API that should not be used in production code.

Pseudo-classes defined by a set of CSS specifications include the following:

All CSS Pseudo Elements

Selector	Example	Example description
::after	p::after	Insert content after every <p> element
::before	p::before	Insert content before every <p> element
::first-letter	p::first-letter	Selects the first letter of every <p> element
::first-line	p::first-line	Selects the first line of every <p> element
::selection	p::selection	Selects the portion of an element that is selected by a user

Pseudo Elements Alphabetical index

Note:= This is an experimental API that should not be used in production code.

Pseudo-classes defined by a set of CSS specifications include the following:

CSS Selectors Reference

Selector	Example	Example description
.class	.intro	Selects all elements with class=”intro”
.class1.class2	.name1.name2	Selects all elements with both name1 and name2 set within its class attribute
.class1 .class2	.name1 .name2	Selects all elements with name2 that is a descendant of an element with name1
#id	#firstname	Selects the element with id="firstname"
*	*	Selects all elements
element	p	Selects all <p> elements
element.class	p.intro	Selects all <p> elements with class="intro"
element,element	div, p	Selects all <div> elements and all <p> elements
element element	div p	Selects all <p> elements inside <div> elements
element>element	div > p	Selects all <p> elements where the parent is a <div> element
element+element	div + p	Selects the first <p> element that is placed immediately after <div> elements
element1~element2	p ~ ul	Selects every <ul> element that is preceded by a <p> element
[attribute]	[target]	Selects all elements with a target attribute
[attribute=value]	[target=_blank]	Selects all elements with target="_blank"
[attribute~=value]	[title~=flower]	Selects all elements with a title attribute containing the word "flower"
[attribute|=value]	[lang|=en]	Selects all elements with a lang attribute value starting with "en"
[attribute^=value]	a[href^="https"]	Selects every <a> element whose href attribute value begins with "https"
[attribute$=value]	a[href$=".pdf"]	Selects every <a> element whose href attribute value ends with ".pdf"
[attribute*=value]	a[href*="w3schools"]	Selects every <a> element whose href attribute value contains the substring "w3schools"
:active	a:active	Selects the active link
::after	p::after	Insert something after the content of each <p> element
::before	p::before	Insert something before the content of each <p> element
:checked	input:checked	Selects every checked <input> element
:default	input:default	Selects the default <input> element
:disabled	input:disabled	Selects every disabled <input> element
:empty	p:empty	Selects every <p> element that has no children (including text nodes)
:enabled	input:enabled	Selects every enabled <input> element
:first-child	p:first-child	Selects every <p> element that is the first child of its parent
::first-letter	p::first-letter	Selects the first letter of every <p> element
::first-line	p::first-line	Selects the first line of every <p> element
:first-of-type	p:first-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the first <p> element of its parent
:focus	input:focus	Selects the input element which has focus
:fullscreen	:fullscreen	Selects the element that is in full-screen mode
:hover	a:hover	Selects links on mouse over
:in-range	input:in-range	Selects input elements with a value within a specified range
:indeterminate	input:indeterminate	Selects input elements that are in an indeterminate state
:invalid	input:invalid	Selects all input elements with an invalid value
:lang(language)	p:lang(it)	Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute equal to "it" (Italian)
:last-child	p:last-child	Selects every <p> element that is the last child of its parent
:last-of-type	p:last-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the last <p> element of its parent
:link	a:link	Selects all unvisited links
::marker	::marker	Selects the markers of list items
:not(selector)	:not(p)	Selects every element that is not a <p> element
:nth-child(n)	p:nth-child(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent
:nth-last-child(n)	p:nth-last-child(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-last-of-type(n)	p:nth-last-of-type(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-of-type(n)	p:nth-of-type(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent
:only-of-type	p:only-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the only <p> element of its parent
:only-child	p:only-child	Selects every <p> element that is the only child of its parent
:optional	input:optional	Selects input elements with no “required” attribute
:out-of-range	input:out-of-range	Selects input elements with a value outside a specified range
::placeholder	input::placeholder	Selects input elements with the “placeholder” attribute specified
:read-only	input:read-only	Selects input elements with the “readonly” attribute specified
:read-write	input:read-write	Selects input elements with the “readonly” attribute NOT specified
:required	input:required	Selects input elements with the “required” attribute specified
:root	:root	Selects the document’s root element
::selection	::selection	Selects the portion of an element that is selected by a user
:target	#news:target	Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL containing that anchor name)
:valid	input:valid	Selects all input elements with a valid value
:visited	a:visited	Selects all visited links

CSS Selectors Cheat Sheet for Developers

Selector Name	Syntax	Description	Example
Universal Selector	*	Selects all the elements	* {color: pink; font-size: 20px;}
Type Selector	element {properties}	Selects elements based on element type	p {color: pink; font-size: 20px;}
Id Selector	#id {properties}	Selects an element with a specified id	#adbox {width: 80px; margin: 5px;}
Class Selector	.class {properties}	Selects elements of the specified CSS class	.dark {color: black;}
Attribute Selectors
element[attribute] {properties}		Selects elements with the specified attribute	input[disabled] {background-color: #fff;}
element[attribute="value"]		Selects elements with the specified attribute equaling a value	input[type="text"] {color: black;}
element[attribute~="value"]		Selects elements with the specified attribute the value of which contains a specific word.	h1[title~="Codota"] {color: pink; font-size: 20px;}
element[attribute|="value"]		Selects elements with the specified attribute and attribute value with the attribute beginning with specified value (or specified value immediately followed by “-“)	a[hreflang|="en"] {color: blue;}
element[attribute^="value"]		Selects elements with the specified attribute with the attribute value starting with specified value	h2[title^="Codota"] {color: black; font-size: 20px;}
element[attribute$="value"]		Selects elements with the specified attribute with the attribute value ending with specified value	h3[title$="Right Now!"] {color: red; font-size: 30px;}
element[attribute*="value"]		Selects elements with the specified attribute where the attribute value contains a specified value	h4[title*="new"] {color: red; font-size: 20px;}
Descendant Combinator	element1 element2 {properties}	Selects all specified child descendant elements (element2) under the parent element (element1).	div p {color:pink;}
Child Combinator	element1 > element2 {properties}	Selects all specified immediate child elements (element2) under the parent element (element1).	div > p {color:pink;}
Pseudo Classes
element:link {properties}		Selects unvisited link elements	a:link {color:blue;}
element:visited {properties}		Selects visited link elements	a:visited {color:red;}
element:active {properties}		Selects active link elements	a:active {color:green;}
element:hover {properties}		Selects mouseover hover elements	a:hover {color:purple;}
element:focus {properties}		Selects in-focus elements	a:focus {color:pink;}

Sources

• CSS Pseudo-classes | w3schools
• Pseudo-classes | MDN Web Docs moz://a
• CSS Pseudo-elements | w3schools
• Pseudo-elements | MDN Web Docs moz://a
• CSS selectors | MDN Web Docs moz://a
• CSS Selector Reference | w3schools
• CSS Selectors Cheat Sheet for Developers | Codota Blog
• CSS3/Selectors | w3.org
• CSS selectors cheatsheet & details | Design & Code Repository | Medium
• CSS selectors cheatsheet | by nana jeon, Feb 2019 | pdf
• CSS Selector Cheat Sheet – Light | By Web Dev Simplified | pdf || courses.webdevsimplified.com